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Corresponding author: paerhati·tuerxun, peht324@sina.cn

DOI: 10.12201/bmr.202507.00038

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  Abstract: :Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome primarily characterized by symptoms such as dyspnea (shortness of breath), fatigue, and fluid retention (manifesting as pulmonary congestion, systemic congestion, and peripheral edema). The prevalence and incidence of HF are high in China, imposing a substantial economic burden on patients. Therefore, reducing readmissions among HF patients and improving their prognostic assessment are particularly crucial. BNP and NT-proBNP are currently common clinical biomarkers used to predict HF prognosis. However, natriuretic peptide levels can be influenced by various cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular factors and diseases beyond HF itself. Consequently, combining multiple biomarkers may offer greater value for assessing HF prognosis. There exists a close link between inflammation and HF. Inflammatory markers such as CRP (C-reactive protein) and PIV (pan-iron-inflammation) can predict patient prognosis. Iron deficiency is a common complication of chronic heart failure. Regardless of the presence of anemia, iron deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in myocardial and skeletal muscles, reduces exercise tolerance, worsens the condition, and increases mortality risk. Therefore, both inflammation and iron deficiency may become robust indicators for future management and prognostic prediction in HF patients.

  Key words: ; ; 

  Submit time: 11 July 2025

  Copyright: The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted biomedRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
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